北京拆除小店铺和小企业治理“城市病”

Beijing has announced plans to combat “urban diseases” by capping its population and shrinking its footprint, wreaking havoc on the small businesses and migrants that throng its bustling streets.

北京政府公布了通过为人口设置上限和缩减城市建筑面积对抗“城市病”的计划，让熙熙攘攘的北京街头上充斥的小企业和外来务工人员遭遇一片混乱。

The Chinese capital will cap its population at 23m “long-term residents” by 2020 “and keep it at that level for the long term”, a city government notice said.

一则北京市政府通知表示，这个中国的首都将把人口上限设置为到2020年以前“常住人口”在2300万人以内，之后“长期稳定控制在2300万人左右”。

The permanent population of Beijing’s central districts dropped by 353,000 last year, according to municipal data released last week. The capital’s official population is now close to 22m.

根据上周发布的市政数据，去年北京中心地带常住人口减少了35.3万人。目前，北京人口官方数据接近2200万人。

University campuses and secondary government bureaucracies are destined to move to industrial cities in Hebei, the smog-wreathed province that rings Beijing. Earlier this month the announcement that the country would build a “new Shenzhen” on rural wetlands south of Beijing set off a frenzy of property speculation.

多个大学校园和低级别政府部门已确定迁往河北省的多个工业城市。河北省是一个环绕北京的雾霾严重的省份。就在这个月早些时候，有关中国会在北京南面乡下湿地打造“新深圳”的公告，引发了一轮疯狂的房地产投机活动。

Within the capital, the campaign has translated into the destruction of small shops and businesses that make up 35 per cent of the city’s economy but only 7.5 per cent of its tax revenues, according to 2011 figures, the most recent available.

在北京城内，这场运动的表现就是拆除小店铺和小企业。根据2011年的数据（这是能获得的最近年头的数据），这些小店铺和小企业占了北京经济35%的比重，其纳税却只占北京税收的7.5%。

“China has a large population and meeting all these people’s needs is hard,” said Jack Wang, who returned from Australia to set up a sandwich shop in Beijing because he thought China offered greater opportunity. “The government is looking for a good way to develop but not really considering the interests of small businesses.”

在北京开三明治店的杰克?王(Jack Wang)表示：“中国人口众多，很难满足所有人的需求。政府正在寻找发展的好办法，却没有真正考虑小企业的利益。”杰克从澳大利亚回国，在北京开三明治店，是因为他认为中国提供了更大的机遇。

Officially, China still encourages the integration into cities of hundreds of millions of people still residing in the countryside. China 2030, a World Bank paper endorsed by premier Li Keqiang, posits urbanisation as the engine that will transform the economy away from low-end manufacturing.

理论上说，中国仍然鼓励把数以亿计居住在农村的人们整合进城市。曾得到中国总理李克强背书的世界银行(WB)报告《2030年的中国》(China 2030)，将城市化定位为会令中国经济摆脱低端制造业的发动机。

But migrants with a rural hukou, or household registration, are expected to settle in provincial cities or county seats, where a multiyear property bubble has left rows of empty apartment blocks. They are not so welcome in cities such as Beijing or Shanghai, where hospitals and schools are much better and higher incomes allow the service industry to flourish.

然而，政府却希望持有农村户口的外来务工人员迁往首都以外的城市或各个县城。在这些城市中，持续多年的地产泡沫留下了一排排的空置公寓楼。而在北京或上海等城市，这些外来务工人员则不那么受欢迎。这些城市的医院和学校要好得多，更高的收入也令这里的服务业兴旺发达。

In the past two years Beijing has torn down wholesale markets and made it harder for children to attend school in order to force out migrant families. Its latest move restricts car sharing services to local drivers, decimating the pool of drivers for Uber partner Didi Chuxing.

过去两年，北京拆除了批发市场，提高了儿童入学难度，以赶走外来务工家庭。而北京政府推出的最新举措，则是将汽车分享服务限于北京本地司机，大大挤压了优步(Uber)合作伙伴滴滴出行(Didi Chuxing)的专车司机人数。

“They needed us when Beijing was growing but now that it’s developed, they don’t want us any more,” said one woman who has lived in Beijing since she arrived as a 15-year-old nanny 23 years ago. The shop she ran profitably for 10 years was torn down this month.

一位妇女表示：“北京发展的时候他们需要我们。如今北京发达了，他们不再需要我们。”这位妇女23年前来北京当保姆时只有15岁，之后一直在北京定居。就在这个月，她运营了十年、盈利丰厚的店铺被拆除。

In 2016 the capital tore down 30m square metres of small shops, restaurants and fruit stands deemed “illegal construction”. It is targeting the destruction of 40m sq m this year, shrinking the land zoned for construction to 2,760 sq km by 2030 while expanding parks and gardens.

2016年，北京市拆除了3000万平米被视为“非法建筑”的小店铺、饭馆和水果摊点。今年北京市的目标是拆除4000万平米建筑，在扩建公园和花园的同时，将用于建筑的土地在2030年以前缩减至2760平方公里。

Rents have climbed steeply in the remaining street-side properties, forcing shoppers and diners into expensive and soulless malls.

剩余的街道两旁物业的租金已急剧攀升，迫使商家和食客迁入昂贵而乏味的商业中心。

“Not everyone running a small business is an outsider. I am a Beijinger,” said the owner of a recently demolished British-style pub, who gave only her English name, Sherry. “If Beijing really wants to develop culture and the economy it needs to allow its special characteristics to survive.”

一位新近被拆除的英国式酒馆的东家表示：“不是所有运营小企业的人都是外地人。我是北京人。如果北京真的希望发展文化和经济，就必须允许保留其特色。”